|
|
We’re working to help expand local and sustainable food options for backyard chickens.
The problem: 99.4% of all sustainability minded folks (SMF) in suburban settings or on small farms purchase feed for their chickens from the local feed store. The feed however is grown throughout the Midwest and Canada, aggregated, mixed and bagged somewhere else, and then shipped across the country to the feed store, where the SMFs must then drive and pick up the feed to deliver to their hungry chicks. As committed locavores, that just doesn’t seem right. For more on the full set of problems connected to purchased poultry feed, see this post.
Website intent: Present information and resources on how to satisfy the food needs for chickens locally. We will profile best practices from around the globe about how folks are currently supplanting store bought feed, and will share all of our research here. We are looking for more ideas and experiences on how to sustainably provide for chicken sustenance. If you have information on how to create a more sustainable backyard chicken culture, please share your solutions with us in the comments.
This site will also document Christopher Peck and Genevieve Taylor’s on-going experiments with sustainable chicken rearing at their developing sustainable green homestead: GreeningGumview.com, check us out!
 Barred Rocks on grass, photo by Thomas Kriese of urbanchickens.net As we begin this project on relocalizing the source of chicken nutrition, we thought it would be beneficial to post some of our assumptions. These are primarily assumptions we make about you, the people who raise chickens.
- a flock of 5 chickens would be the norm (this also appears to be the legal limit in most jurisdictions), though the techniques discussed here could scale up or down depending on circumstances.
- the enthusiast has sufficient yard and garden space to house chickens and allow them access to the outdoors (no confinement operations).
- the chicken enthusiast is handy and probably also an enterprising gardener.
- you’re not daunted by thinking about nutrition; conversations about protein, carbs, minerals don’t scare you, nor do the details of chicken food preferences make you squeamish (bugs, worms, scratching through poop, etc)
- you share our vision of small flocks of chickens in every backyard, eating grass and herbs and insects and food scraps, with no smell or required medications, and happy people enjoying super fresh, high-CLA, homegrown eggs.
We will likely discuss each of these posts in dedicated future posts, but that’s a good start for now!
You buy chicken feed at your local feed store. You pay the premium and buy organic. But have you considered where that feed comes from? Well, you might be surprised. We’ve called most of the feed stores in Sonoma County, and as of fall ‘008 and spring ‘009, it is as we suspected, the chicken feed sold here is not from here.
Not even within 100 miles, an important radius for committed locavores. In general the feed comes from throughout North America, with corn from Nebraska, barley from Canada, soybeans from Iowa. Most of the feed you will find is aggregated and then mixed and bagged somewhere in the Midwest, with the exception of a few discussed in a later posts that source at least some ingredients in California.
Take this feed bag label as an example. Forgive the tear in the bag, but the first item is organic corn, with organic soybean meal, flaxseed, barley, and peas. And then there’s a long list of vitamins and minerals, the ethyllenemenadiaonepyrmidinols, you know, the super tasty secret ingredients everyone loves.
This bag of feed comes from Brentwood, Missouri, certainly not within a hundred miles of Sonoma County, California.
The distance this feed has travelled is one issue, another is the quality of the feed. Despite the organic certification, this is not a preferred food for chickens. If you give them the choice of this high protein feed ration and grass, scratch-harvested seeds, bugs, worms, etc, there is no question, the chickens prefer the real food.
So, this is the problem, what’s the solution? We will be outlining our thoughts on that in upcoming posts. If you have ideas, suggestions, questions, whatever, please leave a note in the comments.
Here’s an overview of several prominent strategies we will expand on in coming posts. We are eager for additional ideas, so if you have any, please post to comments.
 chooks on patrol The following major headings are the primary strategies for meeting chicken nutrition at the home-scale level, in as sustainable a manner as possible. Our assumption is that you will provide purchased feed for your chickens, and then will supplement with one or more of the following strategies to reduce the need for purchased feed. Our vision is that over time the percentage of supplanted feed would grow, increasing regional food security, creating happier hens, and improve the quality of our eggs.
breed selection will be important: choose chicken breeds that are good foragers, more wild and hardy, able to walk around and feed themselves from the land.
deep bedding within the hen house and in an enclosed outdoor area can develop into a rich, deep compost over time that will provide many small bugs and insects that the chickens will be able to scratch and peck into for a substantial amount of their protein needs. There are many forms this strategy could take.
compost can be used in multiple ways by poultry for supplemental feed, and to turn the compost for the gardener, saving some labor and chiropractor bills.
planned grazing around a property allows chickens to access a variety of food sources, spread their manure around, and give them and you the pleasure of each others company. Obviously chickens love to roam the garden, scratching and pecking on a daily rotation around a property, finding bugs and soil critters, and eating the plants and herbs they like to keep them healthy. Planned grazing implies that you are pulsing the chickens out into a section of the property in a deliberate manner, in order to minimize any overgrazing or damage to the plants within that property section, limiting any buildup of manure and possible pathogens, and minimizing the damage to soil roots and mulches (from dust baths for example). Planned grazing also implies that you are making sure there is adequate food within the property section for the chickens to eat. If it is mostly bare ground, there won’t be much for the chickens to eat.
Joel Salatin claims chickens can get 20% of their daily calories from grass (You Can Farm, page 233). I assume this is calories from carbohydrates (seeds) and protein from bugs and lots of minerals and vitamins from fresh grass and herbs. Carla Emery confirms this saying chickens “will use greens for 20% of their diet” (page 652)
chicken food forest is a mixed planting of multiple plant species that chickens are known to prefer. A food forest generally consists of a mix of trees, shrubs, perennials, grasses and herbs. There are many species that can fit the requirements for a useful food forest, and special attention should be given for mixed use species, plants that provide food for humans as well as chickens, might be placed to screen an unsightly view, or might provide shade.
duckweed could be the cornerstone of a sustainable poultry farm. Research indicates that duckweed is not difficult to grow, and is one of the richest sources of protein. As you might infer from the name, it is a weed that poultry like. The richer the brew it grows in, the higher the protein and the higher the quality of feed produced.
home food scraps are a well known and well used strategy. There are ways to improve the palatability and usability of the food scraps, that will increase the quantity that the chickens eventually eat.
worms and vermiculture is another well used strategy. High in protein and easy to grow, wrigglers can be an important food source for chickens, and oh how they love to eat them.
gleaning is collecting unused food resources that would otherwise go to waste. One of my favorites in Santa Fe was grabbing the large bag of popcorn leftover from the movie theater at the end of the night.
OK, that’s probably the major strategies, let us know if you have other ideas.
 Not what we're doing ...
Hello LIFEE Colleagues! Here is the link to the PDF I wrote about how to set up your own website and become an Activist Publisher
become-an-activist-publisher.pdf
Please download, read, give feedback, ask questions. I will try to update and reply as quickly as I can.
Thanks, and lead on!
 Sonoma County Food Share is live! Looking for an abundance of local veggies you might feed your chickens or yourself? The Sonoma County Harvest Share (SCHS) is now live. A brilliant idea whose time has come, the SCHS is a NING site that is easy to locate, register on, and use. If you haven’t used the NING software technology yet, it couldn’t be easier to set up, and is very easy for the casual user to use.
From their description: Sonoma County Harvest Share links farmers & backyard gardeners with abundant produce to people who can use it. It’s free & simple to use. What could be better? Get on it and get sharing!
 The BioPod turns kitchen wastes into tasty grubs for chickens As you probably realize by now, I’m mildly obsessed with bugs. I have eaten grasshoppers several times, once in Oaxaca, Mexico, and a couple times in Santa Fe. Crunchy, high in protein, and easy to eat, they’re known as “prairie shrimp” for a reason. But a weird human’s occasional curiosity is a chicken’s bread and butter, or steak and eggs, so to speak. Insects are incredibly efficient at taking resources low on the food chain (poop, table scraps, roadkill carcasses, etc) and turning them into more insects. And insects are prime chicken food. High in digestible protein, live, local, and perfectly designed to satisfy a chicken’s scratch and peck mentality, insects would seem to be a crucial link in developing a sustainable feed system for backyard chickens. But how to do it efficiently? Ideally chickens can forage for insects on their own, when they’re allowed to free range with sufficient space. But that isn’t always enough.
What if there was a simple way to grow and harvest a high level of insect protein, a process that fits into your daily habits without too much extra effort? Well, turns out there is, check out the BioPod.
OK, checkit, this thing is incredibly cool. It’s a new twist on composting, vermiculture, and home grown and sustainable chicken food: a system for turning home kitchen wastes into grubs. It’s very similar to a worm composting system, but faster. You deposit your kitchen waste into their specially designed BioPod, and within 24-36 hours (assuming proper temperature range and other factors) the Black Soldier Fly (BSF) larvae have converted your leftover banana peels and rigatoni into compost and more larvae. The little grubs then crawl out of the BioPod into a collection chamber, which could go directly to your hungry chicks! According to the website:
A working BioPod™ can easily handle the daily food scraps produced by a large family – up to 5 lbs per day. It can even digest pet feces. For every 100 lbs of kitchen scraps you will get 5 lbs of friable compost, a few quarts of nutritious compost tea, and approx. 20 lbs of self-harvesting BioGrubs™ - which are the ultimate fish, herp, and bird food. [I love it when people post actual numbers!]
I don’t know about your family or household, but we easily produce 100 lbs of food scraps in a month, probably twice that in the summer harvest season. That’s 20 lbs of grubs for our chickens to eat each month, and, according to their dry weight calculations, the grubs are about 40-42% protein. As you remember from this helpful Energy Farms post, soybeans have about 37-40% protein on a dry weight basis, so black soldier fly larvae could easily supplant soybeans in the chickens’ diet. I’d wager a 50 lb bag of organic layer mash that if you laid out a big plate of dried and crumbled soybeans and a big plate of wriggling BSF grubs, the chickens would eat the grubs first, and with relish.
Let’s do some calculations on how much food waste we’d need to convert into BSF larvae to supplant the soybeans in our purchased feeds. If we assume a backyard flock of 5 chickens, and also assume that those chickens will consume approximately 500 lbs of purchased feed in a year, and we assume that 25% of that purchased feed is soybeans, then our chickens would eat 125 lbs of soybeans in a year, assuming it all came from a feed bag. Since it looks like BSF larvae and soybeans have roughly the same protein content, that means we need to provide 125 lbs of larvae for our flock of 5 chickens. According the the BioPod folks each 100 lbs of table scraps yields approximately 20 lbs of BSF larvae. Doing a little fancy math, that comes out to 625 lbs of table scraps to provide enough protein for a flock of 5 chickens for a year. That’s slightly more than 50 lbs of table scraps in a month, a number that’s well within the production capacity of most suburban families.
My conclusion and why I’m excited: your average suburban backyard chicken enthusiast can produce in their backyard all the protein their small flock requires, from a local and sustainable food source. To reduce any impediment to the excitement this discovery has created, the residential BioPod only costs around $220 delivered. That’s competitive with other backyard composters.
MAJOR CAVEAT: I have not yet purchased and tried the BioPod, so I do not have first hand experience with this technology. I will have both in the next several months, and will report on what I learn then.
~ Please check out on Harvey’s blog the latest on this strategy ~
 Harvey Ussery's maggot breeding chambers for free protein Harvey Ussery continues to innovate and add value for all sustainable chicken enthusiasts. The following article originally appeared in Backyard Poultry magazine and is now available online at his website www.TheModernHomestead.us. Some might find this post a little too “ripe” for their tastes, please remember that an open mind is the least expensive path to profitable change!
The article Protein from Thin Air: Breeding Fly Maggots for Poultry Feed is classic Harvey Ussery: practical, innovative, well written, and based on the author’s actual useful experience. He describes his practice of turning trapped beavers (from a neighbor) and roadkill into maggots that chickens love to eat. The carcasses are suspended in 5-gallon buckets within the chicken coop, nested between beds of leaves and litter. Flies find the roadkill carcasses, lay their eggs, and as the maggots mature they burrow downward and out the bottom of the suspended 5-gallon buckets (Harvey has drilled holes so they can escape). The chickens gobble the maggots as they fall. Easy, inexpensive, local and sustainable, it’s a beautiful system.
In the article Harvey discusses the various objections, from smell and odor to disease and handling varmints who might be attracted to the carcass. This strategy is probably only applicable to larger properties in our county, but is exactly the type of strategy I think we’ll need more of as we reduce the amount of purchased feed required for our chickens.
 Low cost, bio-available protein packet As I search and research sources for locally available sustainable chicken food, naturally my mind turns to bugs. Insects. High-density, bio-available protein packets that self-deliver themselves directly to the chickens. It doesn’t get any more local or sustainable than that! Providing protein is the biggest challenge for helping the sustainable chicken’s diet become more local. In the old days milk and various forms of dairy products were the primary protein staple for the farmyard chicken flock. I’m guessing most backyard sustainable chicken enthusiasts don’t have easy access to inexpensive surplus dairy, so we must look elsewhere, hence the quest for bugs.
If the chickens are on rotation throughout your backyard or farm, they can self forage for bugs (as well as seeds and clover and herbs), reducing costs and as important, reducing labor in chicken care. But what if you have your chickens in a run or a coop? What if you don’t have sufficient or appropriate space to allow your chooks to have free run of your backyard? Can you induce the bugs to come to them? As you are undoubtably aware, if you have chickens, there will naturally be bugs flying about. If you are doing a good job with deep litter and sanitary conditions for your hens, you won’t have a problem with excessive numbers of flies breeding in the chicken coop & poop, so how do you attract extra insects to visit and become food for your chickens? Or perhaps said another way, how can we effortlessly convert insects into eggs?
Ranging about on the web, this post popped up first from “Chickens in Soup” http://www.cityfarmer.org/chicken84.html In URBAN AGRICULTURAL NOTES by City Farmer, Canada’s Office of Urban Agriculture
Flies which are attracted to the ammonia in chicken wastes are put to good use. They are captured in traps and fed to the hens. Some studies have shown that at least a quarter of a chicken’s diet can be flies, another half weeds and other plant wastes, and their egg laying will still continue to equal that of chickens raised entirely on commercial feed.
I’m not certain about the research alluded to here, but certainly self-harvested flies and other insects can provide a significant proportion of the sustainable chicken’s diet.
 Chris Morris of IntoAfrica with his fly trap I can imagine some simple devices for capturing flies, but who has time to think when a quick Google search can reveal someone else’s careful thought and years of experience in .37 seconds? Chris Morris from IntoAfrica recently posted his fly trap and experience with them. I love solutions that come from folks working in Africa, they’re are always elegant, effective, and extremely inexpensive. It’s essentially a couple of plastic water bottles stung together, nice! Chickens love flies. And I love the dance they do as they are tracking and trying to catch a fly.
You can develop your own technology, there are many examples of fly catchers on the internet, it looks fairly simple to create your own and modify it to facilitate easy harvest of flies to feed to your chickens. Most seem to be focused solely on flies, but I would be concerned if too many other, beneficial insects got caught in such a trap. Try it and monitor for what you’re getting. And let us know in the comments about your experience!
Enticing flies and other insects to become food for your backyard chickens is a seasonal affair, spring and summer see many more insects than fall and winter. So this is a supplemental strategy at best. I will be profiling other low-cost, homegrown protein strategies in posts to come.
 Sustainability requires choosing from several non-perfect options Although we don’t have a number to compare feed grown in your backyard to feed grown in California to feed ingredients grown in the Midwest or China for that matter, we thought it was important to at least bring up the challenge that can arise when trying to make more sustainable choices. It is always important to look at things holistically and consider the impact from the whole life cycle of a product. Unfortunately we can’t always google “life cycle analysis between X and Y” and get the info we need. So this isn’t an exhaustive discussion, but just an example to consider.
Many support local sources of the the things we buy and use as the more sustainable choice for may reasons. Local sources cut down and can almost eliminate the environmental impact caused by transportation, among many other benefits. But is it possible that in some cases we might be shifting the impact from one resource to another, or one point in the life cycle of the ingredient, to another?
Corn was given to me as an example of a plant that grows well in the Midwest without irrigation because of the rainfall and climate there, whereas in California we have a Mediterranean climate which is not as conducive for growing corn, and requires irrigation using water resources and energy to provide that water.
Now that being said, we don’t know if the additional resources needed to grow corn in California are more impactful than the transportation of corn from the Midwest, but want to raise the question and we welcome comments from anyone who knows more about this topic or the answers to questions like this.
I interviewed Suzi Hajjar of Stonybrooke Sustainables of Cotati. They currently have 74 chickens and are awaiting the delivery of 30 more chicks this week. Suzi sells her “Eggs of Color (ungraded and unsized) from pasture-ranging happy hens” directly to customers such as myself and at the Cotati Farmer’s market. Suzi started with 25 chicks in 2007 which they hand raised. Suzi is very concerned that her chickens be raised naturally and she researched best practices. She did not give medicated feed to her chicks, instead putting apple cider vinegar in their water, feeding organic feed and giving them electrolytes in their first few weeks- focusing on raising healthy chickens. Late in 2008, she added 50 chicks to her flock. They were raised separately from the older girls but now the 2 flocks have integrated although they have separate roosting areas to which they return each evening. The chickens have about 3 acres to range although Suzi says they probably only use about an acre as they’re hesitant to wander too far. She believes if she had mobile coops or chicken tractors they would range on more of the property.
Suzi says the chickens do all their composting for them. They are fed table scraps, weeds and garden scraps. They have deep straw bedding which makes a good Carbon/Nitrogen ratio for creating compost which Suzi then uses in her garden. She is very gratified by the sustainability of this loop. She feeds by the philosphy mentioned by Plamondon of providing a complete feed for the chickens to ensure good production but allowing them to free range and choose to get their nutrition from what they find. She buys organic feed from Rivertown Feeds in Petaluma. The feed is produced by Bar Ale which was mentioned in an earlier post as being somewhat local. Suzi is very pleased with the feed and was aware of its local nature. Equally important to her is that the feed is fresh and of high quality. She has been disappointed by some other feeds she has tried.
Suzi loves her chickens and finds them to be stress reducers in her life. She also very much enjoys the experience of being at the Farmer’s Market saying it’s a great opportunity to meet customers, learn from other local growers and connect to the community.
One of our primary strategies for helping make your chicken flock more sustainable is allowing the chickens access to your backyard or farm. Assuming you have sufficient space (more on that shortly), this is a great strategy. Here’s what Robert Plamondon in Oregon has to say on chickens foraging for food from : http://www.plamondon.com/faq_feed.htm
More comments below the quote.
Do I have to feed free-range chickens, or can they find their own feed?
Chickens can find their own feed, but each chicken needs a lot of room if this is going to work. Chickens can’t find feed that isn’t there, and the more chickens you have, the less feed there is to go around. You have to match the number chickens to the feed supply, or nature will do it for you through poor health and starvation. How it was done in the old days. A farmer of 100 years ago might have kept a dozen hens and a rooster through the winter, and allowed the hens to hatch a brood of chicks each in the spring, giving, say, 72 chicks plus the original 13 chickens, or 85 birds total. The old rooster would be sold after the chicks had hatched. The old hens and most of the young chickens would be sold in the fall, and one cockerel and twelve pullets would be kept through the lean months. By having 85 chickens during the fat months and only 13 during the winter, the amount of supplemental feed needed by the chickens would be minimized.The old ways always involved manlnutrition. A flock of 13 chickens might survive all winter on the grain spilled by a cow and a team of draft horses, plus some hay and whatever else they could find. This winter diet would be nutritionally poor (both vitamin- and protein-deficient) and the hens would lay no eggs, but they’d recover in early spring and the cycle would repeat.Malnutrition increase with the number of chickens. I’ve heard estimates that you can support 1-2 hens per acre with no supplemental feeding, though probably not during the winter. As you add chickens to the farm, they first exhaust the supply of high-calorie feeds such as seeds, then the supply of high-protein feeds such as bugs and clover. Finally, they use up the supply of high-vitamin feeds such as green grass. Except for the last stages, when all the green plants disappear, you can’t tell what stage your forage is in.
In the bad old days, when people didn’t feed their hens at all, much of the hen’s diet was provided as a side effect of poor sanitation. People threw their garbage out into the street or the barnyard. The cows and horses spilled grain. Manure was everywhere and was full of yummy maggots. Even with all the natural bounty provided by stone-age sanitation, the number of hens that could be supported without supplemental feeding was very limited. Flocks of over fifty hens were unusual before chicken feed was invented.
In practice, though, it always pays to provide a complete diet. The increased production always pays for the increased feed bill.
There are a few circumstances where the diet can be adjusted to reflect reliable forage ingredients, such as old-fashioned “range rations” which left out the vitamins that were provided in abundance by green feed. But enough dry days in a row browns off the grass and makes it unpalatable to the chickens, so this method has its risks. Also, many of the things hens eat are so tiny that we can’t see them — tiny seeds, tiny bugs, tiny worms. If we can’t see them, we can’t estimate how much the hens are finding, and we can’t know how much supplemental feed they need on a day-by-day basis.
Fortunately for the frugal farmer, hens prefer fresh, natural feeds to dry, processed chicken feed, and will eat natural feeds in preference to store-bought feed whenever they have the chance. This leads to a foolproof strategy:
Offer the chickens as much (balanced, high-quality) chicken feed as they want, and settle for whatever amount of foraging they discover on their own. This will maximize production and profitability. Sure, if you’re an expert and are always very careful, you can get some eggs out of a flock you don’t feed at all, without actually crippling your chickens through malnutrition, but you won’t get very many. It’s a mug’s game.
My experience at Golden Nectar Farm corroborates this. We had our chickens in a mobile coop that we would open during the day. The chickens would range about the farm, eating whatever suited their fancy. They had unlimited access to a balanced ration, all organic, purchased at our local feed store. When the chickens had ready access to the farm, they ate very little of the purchased rations. They ate bugs, seeds, grass, lots of worms, and they grew plump and happy. There’s very little more satisfying then watching a small flock of chickens roaming around the farm (or backyard) clucking, scratching and pecking. And of course the eggs are excellent, feed costs are very low, and the feed is as local and sustainable as you can make it.
|
|
Recent Comments